Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide Essay Example

Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide Essay Chapter 23 Study Guide Vocabulary: 1. Paralysis – A state of helpless stoppage, inactivity, or inability to act. 2. Coalition – A temporary alliance of political factions or parties for some specific purpose. 3. Corner – To gain exclusive control of a commodity in order to fix its price. 4. Censure – An official statement of condemnation passed by a legislative body against one of its members or some other official of government. While severe, a censure itself stops short of penalties or expulsion, which is removal from office. 5. Amnesty – A general pardon for offenses or crimes against a government. 6. Civil service – Referring to regular employment by government according to a standardized system of job descriptions, merit qualifications, pay, and promotion. 7. Political appointees – Receive positions based on affiliation and party loyalty. 8. Unsecured loans – Money loaned without identification of collateral (existing assets) to be forfeited in case the borrower defaults on the loan. 9. Contraction – In finance, reducing the available supply of money, thus tending to raise interest rates and lower prices. 10. Deflation – An increase in the value of money in relation to available goods, causing prices to fall. 1. Inflation – A decrease in the value of money in relation to goods, causes prices to rise. 12. Fraternal organization – A society of men drawn together for social purposes and sometimes to pursue other common goals. 13. Consensus – Common or unanimous opinion. 14. Kickback – The return of a portion of the mone y received in a sale or contract, often secretly or illegally, in exchange for favors. 15. Lien – A legal claim by a lender or another party on a borrower’s property as a guarantee against repayment, and prohibiting any sale of the property. 16. Assassination – Politically motivated murder of a public figure. 7. Laissez-faire – The doctrine of noninterference, especially by the government, in matters of economics or business. 18. Pork barrel – In American politics, government appropriations for political purposes, especially projects designed to please a legislator’s local constituency. People, Events, and Ideas: 1. Ulysses S. Grant – A great soldier but an utterly inept politician. 2. Jim Fisk – Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the U. S. gold market nearly succeeded in 1869. 3. Boss Tweed – Heavyweight New York political boss whose widespread fraud landed him in jail in 1871. 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Horace Greeley – Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried the Liberal Republican and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872. 5. Jay Cooke – Wealthy New York financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression. 6. Denis Kearney – Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California. 7. Tom Watson – Radical Populist leader whose early success turned sour, and who then became a vicious racist. 8. Roscoe Conkling – Imperious New York senator and leader of the â€Å"Stalwart† faction of Republicans. 9. James G. Blaine – Charming but corrupt â€Å"Half-Breed† Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884. 0. Rutherford B. Hayes – Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn. 11. James Garfield – President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law. 12. Jim Crow – Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s. 13. Grover Cleveland – First Democratic president since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs. 14. William Jennings Bryan – Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of â€Å"free silver† in the early 1890s. 5. J. P. Morgan – Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger. 16. William McKinley – 17. Thomas Nast – A cartoonist for the New York Times and drew many famous political cartoons including one of Boss Tweed. The cartoon showed condemning evidence on the corrupt ring leader and he was jailed shortly afterwards. 18. Samuel Tilden – A New York lawyer who rose to fame by bagging big boss Tweed, a notorious New York political boss in New York. Tilden was nominated for President in 1876 by the Democratic party because of his clean up image . This election was so close that it led to the compromise of 1877. Even though Tilden had more popular votes the compromise gave presidency to the Republicans and allowed the Democrats to stop reconstruction in the south. 19. Chester A. Arthur – He was the Vice President of James A. Garfield. After President Garfield was assassinated, September of 1881, Arthur assumed the position. He was chosen to run as Vice President, primarily, to gain the Stalwarts vote. Arthur was left in charge of the United States with no apparent qualifications. He, in turn, surprised the public with his unexpected vigor in prosecuting certain post office frauds and wouldnt help the Conklingite cronies when they came looking for favors. He was also in favor of civil service reform. 20. Charles J. Guiteau – In 1881 Charles J. Guiteau shot President Garfield in the back in a Washington railroad station. Guiteau allegedly committed this crime so that Arthur, a stalwart, would become President. Guiteaus attorneys used a plea of insanity, but failed and Guiteau was hung for murder. After this event politics began to get cleaned up with things like the Pendleton Act. 1. Benjamin Harrison – Called Young Tippecanoe because of Grandfather William Henry Harrison. Republican elected president in 1888. Opponent, Grover Cleveland, had more popular votes but Harrison put in office because of more electoral votes; pro-business, pro-tariff. 22. Cheap money – The theory that more printed money meant cheaper money. Therefore prices would be the same with more money out, making it easy to pay off debts. Creditors thought the exact opposite, however, thinking that it would mean harder to pay debts. 23. Sound money – The metallic or specie dollar is known as hard money. It was extremely important during the late 1860s and early 1870s, especially during the Panic of 1873. It was in opposition with greenbacks or folding money. The issuing of the greenbacks was overdone and the value depreciated causing inflation and the Panic of 1873. Hard-money advocates looked for the complete disappearance of the folding money. 24. Spoils system – The political system popularized by Andrew Jackson in the 1830s where the person elected to office appoints people to office regardless of merit or ability, usually as a reward for assistance in campaigning. Extremely popular during the Gilded Age (1869-1889) and it led to much corruption in politics. 25. â€Å"Ohio Idea† – Called for redemption in greenbacks. 26. The â€Å"Bloody shirt† – A strong campaign slogan used by the Republicans in the presidential elections of 1868. It was used to blame the Democrats for the Civil War which cost the lives of many Americans. This was the first time that the Civil War was used in a presidential election. It was also a great example of the political mudslinging of the era. 27. Tweed Ring – A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly Boss Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed the ring did not last. These people, the Bosses of the political machines, were very common in America for that time. 28. Credit Mobilier – A railroad construction company that consisted of many of the insiders of the Union Pacific Railway. The company hired themselves to build a railroad and made incredible amounts of money from it. In merely one year they paid dividends of 348 percent. In an attempt to cover themselves, they paid key congressmen and even the Vice-President stocks and large dividends. All of this was exposed in the scandal of 1872. 29. Whiskey Ring – In 1875 Whiskey manufacturers had to pay a heavy excise tax. Most avoided the tax, and soon tax collectors came to get their money. The collectors were bribed by the distillers. The Whiskey Ring had robbed the treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. The scandal reached as high as the personal secretary to President Grant. 30. Liberal Republicans – 31. Resumption Act – It stated that the government would continue of greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879. 2. â€Å"Crime of 73† – When Congress stopped the coinage of the silver dollar against the will of the farmers and westerners who wanted unlimited coinage of silver. With no silver coming into the federal government, no silver money could be produced. The whole event happened in 1873. Westerners from silver-min ing states joined with debtors in demanding a return to the Dollar of Our Daddies. This demand was essentially a call for inflation, which was solved by contraction (reduction of the greenbacks) and the Treasurys accumulation of gold. 33. Bland-Allison Act – This act was a compromise concerning the coinage of silver designed by Richard P. Bland. It was put into effect in 1878. The act stated that the Treasury had to buy and coin between $2 and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month. The government put down hopes of inflationists when it bought only the legal minimum. 34. Greenback Labor party – 35. GAR – Grand Army of the Republic, this was an organization formed by the Union veterans at the end of the American Civil War in 1866. Its main goal was to aid fellow veterans families, and to try to obtain pension increases. In 1890, they had over 400,000 members. They also adopted Memorial Day in 1868. The Republican party was influenced by them greatly until 1900. 36. Stalwart – A political machine led by Roscoe Conkling of New York in the late 19th Century. Their goal is to seek power in government. They also supported the spoils system. 37. Half-Breed – A half-breed was a republican political machine, headed by James G. Blaine c1869. The half-breeds pushed republican ideals and were almost a separate group that existed within the party. 38. Compromise of 1877 – During the electoral standoff in 1876 between Hayes (Republican) and Tilde (Democrat). The Compromise of 1877 meant that the Democrats reluctantly agreed that Hayes might take office if he ended reconstruction in the South. 39. Pendleton Act – This was what some people called the Magna Carta of civil-service reform. It prohibited, at least on paper, financial assessments on jobholders. It created a merit system of making appointments to government jobs on the basis of aptitude rather than who you know, or the spoils system. It set up a Civil Service Commission, chaired with administering open competitive examinations to applicants for posts in the classified service. The people were forced, under this law, to take an exam before being hired to a governmental job position. Written responses: 1. Grant was first tarred by the Credit Mobilier scandal in 1872 when Union Pacific Railroad insiders had formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then cleverly hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning dividends as high as 348 percent. A newspaper expose and congressional investigation of the scandal led to the formal censure of two congressmen and the revelation that the vice president of the United States had accepted payments from Credit Mobilier. The breath of scandal in Washington also reeked of alcohol. In 1874-1875 the sprawling Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. When Grant’s own private secretary was shown to be one of the criminals, Grant retracted his earlier statement of â€Å"Let no guilty man escape. † Later, in 1876, Secretary of War William Belknap was shown to have pocketed bribes from suppliers to the Indian reservations. . In 1873, a paralyzing panic broke out, the Panic of 1873, caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than existing markets could bear and the over-loaning by banks to those projects. Essentially, the causes of the panic were the same old ones that’d caused recessions every 20 years that century: (1) over-specula tion and (2) too-easy credit. 3. Before, the greenbacks that had been issued in the Civil War were being recalled, but now, during the panic, the â€Å"cheap-money† supporters wanted greenbacks to be printed on mass again, to create inflation. However, supporters of â€Å"hard-money† (actual gold and silver) persuaded Grant to veto a bill that would print more paper money, and the Resumption Act of 1875 pledged the government to further withdraw greenbacks and made all further redemption of paper money in gold at face value, starting in 1879. 4. â€Å"The Gilded Age,† was a term coined by Mark Twain hinting that times looked good, yet if one scratched a bit below the surface, there were problems. Times were filled with corruption and presidential election squeakers, and even though Democrats and Republicans had similar ideas on economic issues, there were fundamental differences. Republicans traced their lineage to Puritanism. Democrats were more like Lutherans and Roman Catholics. Democrats had strong support in the South. Republicans had strong votes in the North and the West, and from the Grand Army of the Republic (G. A. R. ), an organization made up of former Union veterans. In the 1870s and the 1880s, Republican infighting was led by rivals Roscoe Conkling (Stalwarts) and James G. Blaine (Half-Breeds), who bickered and deadlocked their party. 5. The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, dubbed the â€Å"Great Unknown† because no one knew much about him, while the Democrats ran Samuel Tilden. The election was very close, with Tilden getting 184 votes out of a needed 185 in the Electoral College, but votes in four states, Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida, and part of Oregon, were unsure and disputed. The disputed states had sent in two sets of returns, one Democrat, one Republican. The Electoral Count Act, passed in 1877, set up an electoral commission that consisted of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House, and the Supreme Court, which would count the votes (the 15th man was to be an independent, David Davis, but at the last moment, he resigned). In February of 1877, the Senate and the House met to settle the dispute, and eventually, Hayes became president as a part of the rest of the Compromise of 1877. True to a compromise, both sides won a bit: For the North—Hayes would become president if he agreed to remove troops from the remaining two Southern states where Union troops remained (Louisiana and South Carolina), and also, a bill would subsidize the Texas and Pacific rail line. For the South—military rule and Reconstruction ended when the military pulled out of the South. . The Compromise of 1877 abandoned the Blacks in the South by withdrawing troops, and their last attempt at protection of Black rights was the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which was mostly declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the 1883 Civil Rights cases. As Reconstruction ended and the military returned northward, whites once again asserted their power. Literacy requirements for voting began, voter registration laws emerged, and po ll taxes began. These were all targeted at black voters. Most blacks became sharecroppers (providing nothing but labor) or tenant farmers (if they could provide their own tools). In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson that â€Å"separate but equal† facilities were constitutional. Thus â€Å"Jim Crow† segregation was legalized. 7. In 1877, the presidents of the nation’s four largest railroads decided to cut wages by 10%. Workers struck back, stopping work, and when President Hayes sent troops to stop this, violence erupted, and more than 100 people died in the several weeks of chaos. The failure of the railroad strike showed the weakness of the labor movement, but this was partly caused by friction between races, especially between the Irish and the Chinese. In San Francisco, Irish-born Denis Kearney incited his followers to terrorize the Chinese. In 1879, Congress passed a bill severely restricting the influx of Chinese immigrants (most of whom were males who had come to California to work on the railroads), but Hayes vetoed the bill on grounds that it violated an existing treaty with China. After Hayes left office, the Chinese Exclusion Act, passed in 1882, was passed, barring any Chinese from entering the United States—the first law limiting immigration. 8. (skipped) 9. (skipped) 10. The Populist Party emerged in 1892 from disgruntled farmers. Their main call was for inflation via free coinage of silver. They called for a litany of items including: a graduated income tax, government regulation of railroads and telegraphs/telephones, direct elections of U. S. senators, a one term limit, initiative and referendum, a shorter workday, and immigration restriction. 11. (skipped) Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide Essay Example Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide Paper Chapter 23 Study Guide Vocabulary: 1. Paralysis – A state of helpless stoppage, inactivity, or inability to act. 2. Coalition – A temporary alliance of political factions or parties for some specific purpose. 3. Corner – To gain exclusive control of a commodity in order to fix its price. 4. Censure – An official statement of condemnation passed by a legislative body against one of its members or some other official of government. While severe, a censure itself stops short of penalties or expulsion, which is removal from office. 5. Amnesty – A general pardon for offenses or crimes against a government. 6. Civil service – Referring to regular employment by government according to a standardized system of job descriptions, merit qualifications, pay, and promotion. 7. Political appointees – Receive positions based on affiliation and party loyalty. 8. Unsecured loans – Money loaned without identification of collateral (existing assets) to be forfeited in case the borrower defaults on the loan. 9. Contraction – In finance, reducing the available supply of money, thus tending to raise interest rates and lower prices. 10. Deflation – An increase in the value of money in relation to available goods, causing prices to fall. 1. Inflation – A decrease in the value of money in relation to goods, causes prices to rise. 12. Fraternal organization – A society of men drawn together for social purposes and sometimes to pursue other common goals. 13. Consensus – Common or unanimous opinion. 14. Kickback – The return of a portion of the mone y received in a sale or contract, often secretly or illegally, in exchange for favors. 15. Lien – A legal claim by a lender or another party on a borrower’s property as a guarantee against repayment, and prohibiting any sale of the property. 16. Assassination – Politically motivated murder of a public figure. 7. Laissez-faire – The doctrine of noninterference, especially by the government, in matters of economics or business. 18. Pork barrel – In American politics, government appropriations for political purposes, especially projects designed to please a legislator’s local constituency. People, Events, and Ideas: 1. Ulysses S. Grant – A great soldier but an utterly inept politician. 2. Jim Fisk – Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the U. S. gold market nearly succeeded in 1869. 3. Boss Tweed – Heavyweight New York political boss whose widespread fraud landed him in jail in 1871. 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Ch. 23 Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Horace Greeley – Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried the Liberal Republican and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872. 5. Jay Cooke – Wealthy New York financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression. 6. Denis Kearney – Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California. 7. Tom Watson – Radical Populist leader whose early success turned sour, and who then became a vicious racist. 8. Roscoe Conkling – Imperious New York senator and leader of the â€Å"Stalwart† faction of Republicans. 9. James G. Blaine – Charming but corrupt â€Å"Half-Breed† Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884. 0. Rutherford B. Hayes – Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn. 11. James Garfield – President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law. 12. Jim Crow – Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s. 13. Grover Cleveland – First Democratic president since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs. 14. William Jennings Bryan – Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of â€Å"free silver† in the early 1890s. 5. J. P. Morgan – Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger. 16. William McKinley – 17. Thomas Nast – A cartoonist for the New York Times and drew many famous political cartoons including one of Boss Tweed. The cartoon showed condemning evidence on the corrupt ring leader and he was jailed shortly afterwards. 18. Samuel Tilden – A New York lawyer who rose to fame by bagging big boss Tweed, a notorious New York political boss in New York. Tilden was nominated for President in 1876 by the Democratic party because of his clean up image . This election was so close that it led to the compromise of 1877. Even though Tilden had more popular votes the compromise gave presidency to the Republicans and allowed the Democrats to stop reconstruction in the south. 19. Chester A. Arthur – He was the Vice President of James A. Garfield. After President Garfield was assassinated, September of 1881, Arthur assumed the position. He was chosen to run as Vice President, primarily, to gain the Stalwarts vote. Arthur was left in charge of the United States with no apparent qualifications. He, in turn, surprised the public with his unexpected vigor in prosecuting certain post office frauds and wouldnt help the Conklingite cronies when they came looking for favors. He was also in favor of civil service reform. 20. Charles J. Guiteau – In 1881 Charles J. Guiteau shot President Garfield in the back in a Washington railroad station. Guiteau allegedly committed this crime so that Arthur, a stalwart, would become President. Guiteaus attorneys used a plea of insanity, but failed and Guiteau was hung for murder. After this event politics began to get cleaned up with things like the Pendleton Act. 1. Benjamin Harrison – Called Young Tippecanoe because of Grandfather William Henry Harrison. Republican elected president in 1888. Opponent, Grover Cleveland, had more popular votes but Harrison put in office because of more electoral votes; pro-business, pro-tariff. 22. Cheap money – The theory that more printed money meant cheaper money. Therefore prices would be the same with more money out, making it easy to pay off debts. Creditors thought the exact opposite, however, thinking that it would mean harder to pay debts. 23. Sound money – The metallic or specie dollar is known as hard money. It was extremely important during the late 1860s and early 1870s, especially during the Panic of 1873. It was in opposition with greenbacks or folding money. The issuing of the greenbacks was overdone and the value depreciated causing inflation and the Panic of 1873. Hard-money advocates looked for the complete disappearance of the folding money. 24. Spoils system – The political system popularized by Andrew Jackson in the 1830s where the person elected to office appoints people to office regardless of merit or ability, usually as a reward for assistance in campaigning. Extremely popular during the Gilded Age (1869-1889) and it led to much corruption in politics. 25. â€Å"Ohio Idea† – Called for redemption in greenbacks. 26. The â€Å"Bloody shirt† – A strong campaign slogan used by the Republicans in the presidential elections of 1868. It was used to blame the Democrats for the Civil War which cost the lives of many Americans. This was the first time that the Civil War was used in a presidential election. It was also a great example of the political mudslinging of the era. 27. Tweed Ring – A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly Boss Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed the ring did not last. These people, the Bosses of the political machines, were very common in America for that time. 28. Credit Mobilier – A railroad construction company that consisted of many of the insiders of the Union Pacific Railway. The company hired themselves to build a railroad and made incredible amounts of money from it. In merely one year they paid dividends of 348 percent. In an attempt to cover themselves, they paid key congressmen and even the Vice-President stocks and large dividends. All of this was exposed in the scandal of 1872. 29. Whiskey Ring – In 1875 Whiskey manufacturers had to pay a heavy excise tax. Most avoided the tax, and soon tax collectors came to get their money. The collectors were bribed by the distillers. The Whiskey Ring had robbed the treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. The scandal reached as high as the personal secretary to President Grant. 30. Liberal Republicans – 31. Resumption Act – It stated that the government would continue of greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879. 2. â€Å"Crime of 73† – When Congress stopped the coinage of the silver dollar against the will of the farmers and westerners who wanted unlimited coinage of silver. With no silver coming into the federal government, no silver money could be produced. The whole event happened in 1873. Westerners from silver-min ing states joined with debtors in demanding a return to the Dollar of Our Daddies. This demand was essentially a call for inflation, which was solved by contraction (reduction of the greenbacks) and the Treasurys accumulation of gold. 33. Bland-Allison Act – This act was a compromise concerning the coinage of silver designed by Richard P. Bland. It was put into effect in 1878. The act stated that the Treasury had to buy and coin between $2 and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month. The government put down hopes of inflationists when it bought only the legal minimum. 34. Greenback Labor party – 35. GAR – Grand Army of the Republic, this was an organization formed by the Union veterans at the end of the American Civil War in 1866. Its main goal was to aid fellow veterans families, and to try to obtain pension increases. In 1890, they had over 400,000 members. They also adopted Memorial Day in 1868. The Republican party was influenced by them greatly until 1900. 36. Stalwart – A political machine led by Roscoe Conkling of New York in the late 19th Century. Their goal is to seek power in government. They also supported the spoils system. 37. Half-Breed – A half-breed was a republican political machine, headed by James G. Blaine c1869. The half-breeds pushed republican ideals and were almost a separate group that existed within the party. 38. Compromise of 1877 – During the electoral standoff in 1876 between Hayes (Republican) and Tilde (Democrat). The Compromise of 1877 meant that the Democrats reluctantly agreed that Hayes might take office if he ended reconstruction in the South. 39. Pendleton Act – This was what some people called the Magna Carta of civil-service reform. It prohibited, at least on paper, financial assessments on jobholders. It created a merit system of making appointments to government jobs on the basis of aptitude rather than who you know, or the spoils system. It set up a Civil Service Commission, chaired with administering open competitive examinations to applicants for posts in the classified service. The people were forced, under this law, to take an exam before being hired to a governmental job position. Written responses: 1. Grant was first tarred by the Credit Mobilier scandal in 1872 when Union Pacific Railroad insiders had formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then cleverly hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning dividends as high as 348 percent. A newspaper expose and congressional investigation of the scandal led to the formal censure of two congressmen and the revelation that the vice president of the United States had accepted payments from Credit Mobilier. The breath of scandal in Washington also reeked of alcohol. In 1874-1875 the sprawling Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. When Grant’s own private secretary was shown to be one of the criminals, Grant retracted his earlier statement of â€Å"Let no guilty man escape. † Later, in 1876, Secretary of War William Belknap was shown to have pocketed bribes from suppliers to the Indian reservations. . In 1873, a paralyzing panic broke out, the Panic of 1873, caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than existing markets could bear and the over-loaning by banks to those projects. Essentially, the causes of the panic were the same old ones that’d caused recessions every 20 years that century: (1) over-specula tion and (2) too-easy credit. 3. Before, the greenbacks that had been issued in the Civil War were being recalled, but now, during the panic, the â€Å"cheap-money† supporters wanted greenbacks to be printed on mass again, to create inflation. However, supporters of â€Å"hard-money† (actual gold and silver) persuaded Grant to veto a bill that would print more paper money, and the Resumption Act of 1875 pledged the government to further withdraw greenbacks and made all further redemption of paper money in gold at face value, starting in 1879. 4. â€Å"The Gilded Age,† was a term coined by Mark Twain hinting that times looked good, yet if one scratched a bit below the surface, there were problems. Times were filled with corruption and presidential election squeakers, and even though Democrats and Republicans had similar ideas on economic issues, there were fundamental differences. Republicans traced their lineage to Puritanism. Democrats were more like Lutherans and Roman Catholics. Democrats had strong support in the South. Republicans had strong votes in the North and the West, and from the Grand Army of the Republic (G. A. R. ), an organization made up of former Union veterans. In the 1870s and the 1880s, Republican infighting was led by rivals Roscoe Conkling (Stalwarts) and James G. Blaine (Half-Breeds), who bickered and deadlocked their party. 5. The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, dubbed the â€Å"Great Unknown† because no one knew much about him, while the Democrats ran Samuel Tilden. The election was very close, with Tilden getting 184 votes out of a needed 185 in the Electoral College, but votes in four states, Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida, and part of Oregon, were unsure and disputed. The disputed states had sent in two sets of returns, one Democrat, one Republican. The Electoral Count Act, passed in 1877, set up an electoral commission that consisted of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House, and the Supreme Court, which would count the votes (the 15th man was to be an independent, David Davis, but at the last moment, he resigned). In February of 1877, the Senate and the House met to settle the dispute, and eventually, Hayes became president as a part of the rest of the Compromise of 1877. True to a compromise, both sides won a bit: For the North—Hayes would become president if he agreed to remove troops from the remaining two Southern states where Union troops remained (Louisiana and South Carolina), and also, a bill would subsidize the Texas and Pacific rail line. For the South—military rule and Reconstruction ended when the military pulled out of the South. . The Compromise of 1877 abandoned the Blacks in the South by withdrawing troops, and their last attempt at protection of Black rights was the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which was mostly declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the 1883 Civil Rights cases. As Reconstruction ended and the military returned northward, whites once again asserted their power. Literacy requirements for voting began, voter registration laws emerged, and po ll taxes began. These were all targeted at black voters. Most blacks became sharecroppers (providing nothing but labor) or tenant farmers (if they could provide their own tools). In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson that â€Å"separate but equal† facilities were constitutional. Thus â€Å"Jim Crow† segregation was legalized. 7. In 1877, the presidents of the nation’s four largest railroads decided to cut wages by 10%. Workers struck back, stopping work, and when President Hayes sent troops to stop this, violence erupted, and more than 100 people died in the several weeks of chaos. The failure of the railroad strike showed the weakness of the labor movement, but this was partly caused by friction between races, especially between the Irish and the Chinese. In San Francisco, Irish-born Denis Kearney incited his followers to terrorize the Chinese. In 1879, Congress passed a bill severely restricting the influx of Chinese immigrants (most of whom were males who had come to California to work on the railroads), but Hayes vetoed the bill on grounds that it violated an existing treaty with China. After Hayes left office, the Chinese Exclusion Act, passed in 1882, was passed, barring any Chinese from entering the United States—the first law limiting immigration. 8. (skipped) 9. (skipped) 10. The Populist Party emerged in 1892 from disgruntled farmers. Their main call was for inflation via free coinage of silver. They called for a litany of items including: a graduated income tax, government regulation of railroads and telegraphs/telephones, direct elections of U. S. senators, a one term limit, initiative and referendum, a shorter workday, and immigration restriction. 11. (skipped)

The eNotes Blog Survivor Finals Edition

Survivor Finals Edition Our top 10 study tips to help you survive dreaded finals week. Youre going out on a date tonight. Â  Its with someone you really like. Â  Youve been looking forward to this for several months. Â  But theres a catch! Â  You have to meet your dates parents first. Â  You really would just rather avoid this ordeal and get straight to enjoying the night with your companion, but its something that just must be done. Â  On top of this, you know that you should do it WELL if you want to feel good about it. Â  So you grin and bear it, put on as charming a face as you can and meet those suckers. Â  Its never as bad as you played it out in your mind, and once youre done, you feel like a million bucks. This is exactly how finals are. Â  That date that youve been looking forward to is SUMMER. Â  And those intimidating parents that you have to meet are your finals! Â  Finals are a daunting obstacle to finishing the school year and beginning your treasured summer days, just as meeting your dates parents was an obstacle to enjoying your night. Â  In both cases, students make way too much of a fuss than necessary. Â  I think Ive told myself every finals week in college that I wouldnt be able to get everything done and that I would fail a class. Â  I also remember doing everything I could in high school to prevent meeting my girlfriends parents. Â  These scenarios are much more intimidating in our minds than they are in reality. Â  The only way to get through these obstacles is to grin and bear it. Â  Once weve done that and taken care of business, we feel like kings. Â  Lets take a look at some tips that can set you on the right track to nailing those finals and sitting upon t hat throne. 1. Map out your tasks. Â  You really need to know everything going on in your last couple weeks of school. Â  Writing these things down will ease your mind and reduce your stress as it will all be visibly available in one location. Â  Taking note of your duties outside of school can help paint a full picture of what you must prepare for in the upcoming weeks. Â  It also helps you 2. Prioritize. Â  Now that you have everything down on paper, take a look at your list and determine how important it is to finish each item, and how urgently each item must be attended to. Â  The urgent and important tasks must obviously be placed high on your list and attended to rather quickly. Â  If extracurricular items such as working out, practicing guitar, or getting your hair cut can be put off, then this is one one time when procrastination might be acceptable. 3. Budget your time. Â  Now that you know what your priorities are for weeks leading up to finals, use a calendar to start planning out what you will focus on each day. Â  You will feel a huge sense of relief after doing this, because all you have to do from thereon out is just stick to your plan! Â  This will help limit procrastination, which is a feeling all of us are too familiar with when it comes to finals week. Â  When you start cleaning your room BECAUSE YOU WANT TO, you know that its finals week. Â  Adopt a work first, play later mentality to stay on task and avoid anxiety. 4. Know what youre getting into. Â  Review all of your essays and finals with your instructors. Â  You want to make sure that youre studying the right material for exams, and writing on topic for essays. Â  This ensures that youll get at least a decent grade and dont waste your time. 5. Study right. Â  Id love to give you specific details on how to do this, but everyone is wired differently. Â  Some people learn best by working in groups and quizzing each other, some love to listen to every lecture Podcast over again, others choose to review lecture notes until they know them forwards and backwards. Â  Stick to a style that you are comfortable with and works best for you. Â  Class review sessions are a great way to bring up any pending questions you have. 6. Lock yourself down. Â  Remove yourself from distractions. Â  If your neighbors are throwing a party and you cant think straight over the constant dont you worry dont you worry chiiiiild, consider going to the library or a quiet place where you can get in the right mindset. Â  And stay there for a while. Â  Who said cramming isnt effective? 7. Stay awake! Â  Pick your poison. Â  As long as its not actually poisonous. Â  Theres nothing worse than waking up with DLKFHSJKL;ZKKKKKKKKKK on your computer screen because you fell asleep on your keyboard. Â  Load up on coffee, Red Bull, tea, or whatever you need to stay strong throughout your study session. 8. Remove yourself. Â  Take a break from your work. Â  Humans can only maintain sustained attention for a span of about 20-40 minutes. Â  Trying to power through this and failing to get up from your seat for hours may be counterproductive. Â  Exercise is a great way to lighten your mood, get endorphins, gain energy, and get some fresh air. Â  But now that youve been up for a while 9. Sleep. Â  Youve been working hard, and your body needs time to recover. Â  There have been numerous studies that show the negative effects of sleep deprivation. Â  One study even revealed that getting less than six hours of sleep has the same hazardous side effects as being legally drunk. Â  No matter how hard you studied for your test, you wont do well if youre taking it buzzed. 10. Reward yourself. Â  Give yourself little incentives to look forward to on your study days. Â  Promise yourself an ice cream sandwich in an hour, and an episode of Modern Family in three hours. Â  When youve finally conquered all your finals, assess what worked and what didnt so you can refine your studying technique. Â  And then go celebrate as you see fit (if you go to UCLA, that means undie running Wednesday at midnight).Weve got more study tips to help you survive finals right here on the blog. Check em out! Your Study Session Menu And for when youre lost dont forget we offer free homework help:Â  /homework-help. Post your question today.

Business Performance and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Performance and Strategy - Essay Example Details of the global market share by percentage are given in the figure below. In terms of revenue measure, GSK’s global rating as of the end of midyear 2014 was given as 6th largest pharmaceutical company (Palmer, 2014). This was accounted for with average annual revenue of  £25.602 billion. The company’s operating income for 2014 was given as  £7.771 billion, of which  £5.237 billion was realised as net income (Palmer, 2014). The major need for a competitive strategy at GSK can largely be said to be based on an ever increasing global competitiveness which has always made the company a 4th force in terms of market share and market capital. This situation is better exemplified in the table below which shows the direct competitor comparison of GSK since 2005. For the past ten years, GSK has strived to either maintain its market position or improve on it. This need is what has informed the use of a peculiar strategy that seeks to make the company competitive and set it apart from its major competitors. An important area of the strategy has been the need for the company to become economically sustainable. This is because the extent to which the company can competitively participate in the global pharmaceutical industry is largely dependent on its capital force (Flyvbjerg, 2003). In the following section of the paper, what has gone into the company’s strategy in the past 10 years and how the strategy can be explained by theories of positioning and resources are analysed. Based on theory, GSK’s current strategy can be said to have been selected based on the application of Bowman’s strategy clock. This is because the strategy clock outlines 8 major competitive positions that may be used by companies in gaining competitive advantage (Barton, 2004). On the whole, the competitive positions can be said to be largely focused on pricing, segmentation and value

How can omniscience and free will be recociled Essay

How can omniscience and free will be recociled - Essay Example Therefore, if God is omniscient, then He has the knowledge of what mankind will do in the future. The activities that he will undertake in coming days are already known by Him. Hence, the question of free will in human beings arises. Because God knows everything, then human beings do not have free will. In its definition, free will is described as the ability to make voluntary choices. It is the ability of an individual to choose something without being influenced by other factors. For example, God knows what you will do tomorrow or a day later or even know what you are going to request Him in prayer so that your wishes can be fulfilled. Because of the idea that God is omniscient and thus knows everything in this world that takes place, human beings do not have the choice of doing what they want, whenever they want to or in whichever manner. This is because their actions have already been pre determined by God. This idea that God controls all our actions right from being formed in the womb and being born into the world until our dieing days, has made some theologians state otherwise. They say that God knows everything but his omniscience is one that does not predetermine the actions of His creation. This has thus given rise to two types of omniscience in trying to describe God. Total omniscience was the first description of God. ... In this ideology, God before creating the Universe had already prepared the destiny of His creation and therefore some people have already been chosen to enter heaven on judgment day. This eliminates the idea of free will in humans in determining their destiny. An example of this idea that God exhibits total omniscience is evident in the Bible. In the book of Jeremiah chapter five, in verse five it is said that before we were born, God knew us as before putting us in our mothers' wombs. This statement by God shows that He already knew what His intentions for the world were. The other definition of God is of inherent omniscience. In this definition, God is described as limiting His ability in knowing everything by choice and thus favors the aspect of free will in humans. In the Biblical book of Deuteronomy in chapter 30, God allows free will in humans by stating that He has given them the choice between life and death. That if mankind abides by God's goodness he will enjoy eternal life in heaven. If he is devoid of goodness, then he is bound to leave his life after death in hell with Satan. Hence, the definition that God exhibits inherent omniscience is what is upheld by many theologians and other religious people. If He only showed total omniscience, then human beings would not have the ability to make their own choices. Everything they do would not be voluntarily generated but unknowingly fostered by God's command on His creation. (Stewart & Taylor) Because of the inherent omniscience of God, omniscience and humans' free will can be reconciled. God has given mankind the ability to choose his own destiny through the ten commands that were handed down to Moses in Mount Sinai. With the presentation of these commandments, God showed that He does not control the

China and Inexperienced Industrial Revolution Essay - 1

China and Inexperienced Industrial Revolution - Essay Example Coal was at the time a better form of heat production. It gave constant, reliable amount of heat without giving out a lot of by-products as a waste (McCloskey 2010). The changeover was due to great innovation from individuals and group of people who skilfully devised ways to make work easier and create a better life for everyone (Chai 2011). Most of the innovations were involuntary and automatic, but additionally, there were others that founded through a series of experiments and exploit of science (Duiker and   Spielvogel 2011). This revolution, that is an industry based, commenced in Britain and a few years later it stretched to the United States of America, as well as Western Europe (Chai 2011). It grades one of the most significant turning points in the account of the history of the whole world. Nearly all aspects of the everyday life of the inhabitants of the planet were greatly influenced in one way or another (Nolan 2008). The thing that was mostly experienced was the sharp growth of the human population. The society at this period was exceedingly rural in nature. The revolution changed this to a much modern and urban society for most of the nations at that time (Beele 2002). Many countries experienced this mode of change that spread from the center of origin in Britain. China has had a dynamic economy in terms of its economy in the recent years (Nolan 2008). But why did it delay in achieving better industrialization that other states in Europe and other countries in the regions of the world were developing in the period? This paper is going to assess the reasons why China did not experience ‘industrial revolution’ between c. 1700 and 1949. According to Bayo r (2011), there was a delay in the industrialization in China until later in the century. In order to curb these problems, the country decided to raise its investment significantly together with the signing of a huge number of deals that included overseas companies that offered their services in the construction of some of the chief amenities for compound fertilizer manufacture, steel production and oil mining and processing in the refinery plant.These factors - availability of raw materials in Europe, a lot of richness acquired from the colonies, the widespread trade around the world, the presence of a unwavering form of government that offered support to the effectiveness of real establishments and was optimistic in scientific progress - made the European countries gain an upper advantage in revolutionising earlier in the century. China was not able to compete with these countries owing to the conditions which it was in that period.  

Shellac for Film Formation and its Modification

Shellac for Film Formation and its Modification Shellac for film formation and its modification for enhancement of properties Abstract With the growing environmental concerns associated with synthetic polymers, the need for biopolymers has strongly emerged which can have applications ranging from packaging to electrical applications. Shellac, which is a naturally occurring product resin obtained from insects (female lac bug), is one such component which can be used for production of biopolymeric film. However, due to limitations on mechanical and barrier properties, modification of Shellac is necessary. Following is a reviewed study of modifications of Shellac to improve its film properties, heat resistance, water resistance, gloss and hardness. Keywords: Biopolymers, Shellac, modification, coatings. 1. Shellac With the decrease in petroleum reserves, the need for biocompatible polymers has emerged. Polylactic acid, Zein protein films and Shellac, as in this case, have become vital for environmental concerns. Shellac is a naturally occurring polymer, obtained from resinous secretions of lac insects, Laccifer Lacca (Soradech et al) 1. Shellac as a coating material is mainly used in the fields of food and pharmaceutical industries (Jinwei Wang, Lei Chen, Yedong He) 2. However, one of shellac’s problems is a lack of solubility in commonly used coating solvents such as ketones and glycol ethers (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo) 3. Problems associated with shellac are batch-to-batch variation, need of organic solvent, less stability and less solubility in alkaline pH of intestine, comparing to synthetic and semi-synthetic enteric polymers. Shellac is primarily used as a naturalprimer,sandingsealant,tannin-blocker,odour-blocker,stain, andhigh-glossvarnish. Applications of Shellac Due to excellent film forming and protective properties, it is widely used in food industry, paint industry and to a considerable extent in pharmaceutical industry. Use of biopolymers for packaging applications is severely limited due to poor barrier and mechanical properties (Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira et al) 4. Significant work was carried out by (Hult et al) 5 by using Microfibrillar cellulose (MFC), incorporation of which reduces the Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) value (Syverud et al)6 combined with Shellac to produce fibre based packaging. Significant oxygen barrier for packaging was not obtained but multilayer coating with MFC and Shellac reduced OTR greatly. (D. Phan Te et al) 7 presents another way of eliminating the limitations of biopolymers for packaging. Formation of hydrocolloid-shellac bilayer films produced an enhanced resistance to water and moisture permeability with good mechanical properties. Better mechanical properties and better adhesion to the hydrocolloid layers was obtained with the use of plasticizer. Shellac has also been used widely in Pharmaceutical and drug retention applications. (Berg et al) 8 describes shellac as one of the very few materials to be used as a pharmaceutical coatings. It finds special applications in health applications and nutraceuticals (Krause et al) 9. 2. Modifications of Shellac for enhancement of properties Modification has been carried out to overcome many popular limitations of Shellac films like low heat resistance, poor water resistance, poor solvent resistance, chemical resistance, brittleness, etc. (Sharma et al.) 10 2.1 Crosslinking of acetoacetylated Shellac with multifunctional amine or acrylate (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo) 3 Crosslinking of films was carried out by reaction between acetoacetylated shellac with a multifunctional amine or with a multifunctional acrylate under Michael addition reaction parameters (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo et al.)3. According to (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo et al.)3 Shellac/t-butylacetoacetate films were synthesised for this purpose. The glass transition temperature of the modified shellac was observed to be 4.5 °C. The Tg of unmodified shellac is 54.6 °C.High level of acetoacetylation is indicated to have occurred as acetoacetylation is known to reduce Tgs by reduction in hydrogen bonding capabilities (Clemens, RJ, Rector, FD et al)11. Major purpose was to alter the solubility of the shellac. Modified Shellac was attempted to dissolve in various solvents. It was noted that the modified shellac was soluble in MEK, methyl amyl ketone (MAK), acetone, CHCl3, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPM), THF, and DMAC. The unmodified shellac was soluble in ethano l and DMAC and sparingly soluble or insoluble in MEK, CHCl3, MAK, and DPM. Thus, desired modification was obtained, and (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo) 2 formed thermoset films crosslinked with two different species, an amine and a multifunctional acrylate. It is possible to modify shellac by reaction with t-butyl acetoacetate. This modification changed significantly different solubility characteristics and the ability to be crosslinked with different species at different temperatures, including ambient temperature. The crosslinked films have well to excellent properties, with the exception of low angle gloss for the DYTEK A cured films. This could reflect some incompatibility on a microscale between the modified shellac and the diamine. Gel content measurements suggest that a high degree of crosslinking has been obtained. 2.2 Modification by use of Maleated Shellac (Hasmukh S. Patel and Sumeet J. Patel) 12 Following modification was employed for coating preparation of maleated shellac-acrylic resin emulsion paints, acrylic resin its application as surface coating materials and characteristic. According to (Hasmukh S. Patel and Sumeet J. Patel) 12, maleated Shellac was synthesised by treating Shellac with Maleic Anhydride. Shellac solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF), different proportions (10–30% wt of shellac) of maleic anhydride was added and well mixed. The resultant reaction mixture was refluxed for 5 h before cooling and pouring into cold water. Adhesion and smooth finish film were obtained and no observable damage and detachment of the film was observed. Blending of Maleated Shellac with acrylic resin might give rise to the polymerization and/or crosslinking between the two components through the functionality due to unsaturation which resulted in better water resistance and decent alkali resistance even though shellac and becomes easily soluble when it comes in to contact wi th water and alkali, respectively. The coated panels were immersed by (Hasmukh S. Patel and Sumeet J. Patel) 12 in water for 5 months and no detachment or discolouration was observed. On the coating after taking out the panels from water. It was noted that water that was socked by the panels, evaporated kept at room temperature. Deterioration water socked panels of the coating was not observed which indicates that the composition resisted uphold of the water/ moisture within the system which is an important feature of the paint formulation. 2.3 Blending of Shellac with Epoxy resin (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 The reaction represented below was employed as a modification for Shellac. Figure 1: Shellac and Epoxy group reaction (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 The above reaction represented in Figure-1 is a reaction mechanism between Shellac and Epoxy group. This reaction was monitored by reducing acid value or reducing epoxide value. The properties obtained were found to be optimum for cured samples containing 70 parts of shellac and 30 parts of the epoxy resin (Tripathi et al) 14. Following figure (Fig. 2) shows the variation in dissipation factor (tan ÃŽ ´) for various shellac-epoxy resin blends with time. Figure-2:Variation of dissipation factor (tan ÃŽ ´) of shellac-epoxy resin varnishes with time. (1) Dewaxed lemon (DL) shellac: epoxy resin = 60:40, mol. wt. of epoxy resin 500; (2) dewaxed lemon (DL) shellac: epoxy resin = 70: 30, mol. Wt. of epoxy resin 1 OOO; (3) dewaxed orange (DO) shellac: epoxy resin = 50: 50, mol. wt. of epoxy resin 1 OOO. (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 The dissipation factor undergoes an initial rise up to around the sixth day after blending and remains almost constant thereafter. The variation of conductivity of different shellac-epoxy resin blends with time is shown in Fig. 3. Figure-3: Conductivity variation with time (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 Conductivity, like dissipation factor, also showed an initial increase with time. Around the sixth day, the variation was found to be biphasic in nature with an inflection. For the blends containing epoxy resins with molecular weights of 500 and 1000 the nature of variation of both dissipation factor and conductivity with time was found to be similar. The variation of specific viscosity of the 70: 30 and 50: 50 blends with time is shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Variation of specific viscosity of dewaxed lemon (DL) shellac-epoxy resin varnishes (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 It was observed that initially specific viscosity increases with time and becomes almost constant after six days. A small plateau was observed for the next few days and thereafter specific viscosity increases. It was observed that the values of dissipation factor, conductivity, dielectric strength and specific viscosity of the epoxy resin-free shellac solutions were more or less constant. If the reaction is carried for a longer period, besides the reaction mechanism as shown previously, cross-linking occurs. In this process, the hydroxyl groups of shellac produced by the above mentioned reaction probably react with the epoxide group and/or with the carboxyl group forming a three-dimensional network as shown in Fig.5 Figure 5: Reaction between Hydroxyl group and/or Epoxy or Carboxylic group. (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 2.4 Combination of Shellac and Polyamidoamine (R. K. Dey, G. S. Tiwary, Tanushree Patnaik, Usha Jha) 15 The modification mentioned below was essentially done for drug delivery applications. Natural biodegradable and biocompatible polymer is encouraged as a starting material for synthetic purpose so as to reduce the production of the toxic biodegradable products in body’s physiological environment. By varying the ratio, a wide range of polymers were prepared. Shellac: PAA as 1: 1, 1: 2, and 1: 3 ratios was taken though the characterization was done by taking Shellac and PAA in the ratio 1: 1. According to (R. K. Dey, G. S. Tiwary, Tanushree Patnaik, Usha Jha) 15, the samples were prepared using the appropriate amount of PAA dissolved in 20 mL of methanol, added to a solution of Shellac in methanol. A solution of 2, 2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (about 2 wt % with respect to the PAA) was added in methanol (around 5 mL) to this mixture with mild stirring. The reaction mixture was poured into a glass petridish and was kept at room temperature. The polymerization was initiated by irradiation with an incandescent broad-spectrum lamp (Philips Comptalux, 150 W), positioned 25 cm above the petridish. Irradiation was continued for 7 h until gelation occurred. The schematic sketch of the reaction leading to the formation of polymeric material is shown in Figure 6. The polymeric material was extensively washed with methanol to remove any residual monomer, then freeze-dried and stored until further use. The resultant product was cut in films, dry in air for three days, and place in a vacuum oven at 25 °C until constant weight. It was observed that PAA was soluble in water where as the corresponding polymer of Shellac-PAA was insoluble in water. Figure-6: Synthesis of Shellac-PAA by photopolymerization technique (R. K. Dey, G. S. Tiwary, Tanushree Patnaik, Usha Jha) 15 Ethanol served as an ideal solvent for dissolving both the PAA and Shellac-PAA. In acetone the Shellac-PAA was found to be partially soluble. In acetone the Shellac-PAA was found to be partially soluble. Intrinsic viscosity in ethanol for Shellac-PAA was calculated to be 0.247 dL/g. 2.5 Modification of Natural Shellac using a diamine (Jinwei Wang, Lei Chen, Yedong He) 2 Due to the growing concern on the environment and health made it necessary and extremely urgent and valuable to develop environmental friendly coatings. Many commonly used coatings such as polyurethane, epoxy etc. were produced as waterborne coating, solvent-free paint, and radiation curing paints, etc. so that their injury to people and environment could be reduced as little as possible. Shellac is one such environmental friendly coating based on natural product. Shellac was prepared by using aliphatic diamine as a crosslinking agent and ethanol as a solvent. Experimental procedure as reported in (Jinwei Wang, Lei Chen, Yedong He) 2 is that 30 ml purified shellac in ethanol solution (10%wt.) was poured into a flask with mechanic siring. When the solution temperature reached 50 à ¢- ¦C, 1,3-propanediamine (5%wt.of shellac) was dropped into the flask in 30 min followed by continuously stirring for another 1 h. The modified shellac could be obtained as a yellowbrown solution which c ould be used directly or deep brown powder by evaporating the ethanol at 45 à ¢- ¦C under vacuum. Natural Shellac was modified with 1,3-propanediamine by using Ethyl alcohol functioning as a solvent. When compared this modified shellac to the usual shellac, it was observed that the anticorrosive performances of the modified shellac on copper was greatly improved. These betterments were said to have occurred due to the establishment of network structure and the origination of hydrophobic propane chain in the shellac structure, and hence reducing the penetration speed of ionics and water onto the surface of copper. Other organic diamine such as, ethylene diamine, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, etc. can also be used for similar modification. Depending on the chain lengths of these aliphatic groups, we might have different effect on the protective performance of the modified shellac. 3. Conclusion Thus, considering the various limitations of Shellac like pH sensitivity, limited solubility, less stability, etc we can employ the modifications described in the above section. Modifications can include blending with another polymer to form a biocompatible polymer, or crosslinking. It can also be done by converting Shellac to some other material, as in this case, Maleated Shellac. Such modifications are of great importance which will result in better heat resistance, gloss, hardness, water resistance, etc. and overcoming of limitations of Shellac, which is a vital component in the field of biopolymer. References Sitthiphong Soradech, Jurairat Nunthanid, Sontaya Limmatvapirat, Manee Luangtana-anan (2011) â€Å"An approach for the enhancement of the mechanical properties and film coating efficiency of shellac by the formation of composite films based on shellac and gelatin† Journal of Food Engineering 108 (2012) 94–102 Jinwei Wang , Lei Chen, Yedong He (2008) â€Å"Preparation of environmental friendly coatings based on natural shellac modified by diamine and its applications for copper protection† Progress in Organic Coatings 62 (2008) 307–312 Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo (2010) â€Å"A shellac derivative in thermoset coatings† J. Coat. Technol. Res., 7 (4) 525–527, 2010 Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira, Mariana Altenhofen da Silva, Lucielen Oliveira dos Santos, Marisa Masumi Beppu (2010) â€Å"Natural-based plasticizers and biopolymer films: A review† European Polymer Journal 47 (2011) 254–263 Eva-Lena Hult, Marco Iotti, Marianne Lenes (2010) â€Å"Efficient approach to high barrier packaging using microfibrillar cellulose and shellac† Cellulose (2010) 17:575–586 Syverud K, Stenius P (2009) Strength and barrier properties of microfibrillar cellulose (MFC) films. Cellulose 16(1):75–85 Phan The D, Debeaufort F, Luu D, Voilley A (2008) Moisture barrier, wetting and mechanical properties of shellac/agar or shellac/cassava starch bilayer bio-membrane for food applications. J Membr Sci 325:277–283 Sonja Berg, Manuela Bretz, Eva Maria Hubbermann, Karin Schwarz (2011) â€Å"Influence of different pectins on powder characteristics of microencapsulated anthocyanins and their impact on drug retention of shellac coated granulate† Journal of Food Engineering 108 (2012) 158–165 Krause, K.P., Mà ¼ller, R.H., (2001) â€Å"Production of aqueous shellac dispersions by high pressure homogenisation†. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 223 (1–2), 89–92 S. K. Sharma, S. K. Shukla, D. N. Vaid (1983) â€Å"Shellac-Structure, Characteristics Modification† Def Sci J, yo] 33, No.3, July 1983, pp 261-271 Clemens, RJ, Rector, FD (1989) ‘‘Synthesis of Acetoacetyl—Functional Resins.’’ J. Coat. Technol., 61 770 Hasmukh S. Patel and Sumeet J. Patel (2010) â€Å"Novel Surface Coating System Based on Maleated Shellac† E-Journal of Chemistry 2010, 7(S1), S55-S60 D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar (1984) â€Å"Study on the Curing of Shellac with Epoxy Resins by Dielectric Measurements† Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 126 (1984) 145 152 (Nr. 1992) S. K. M. Tripathi, S. Kumar, G. S. Misra, Indian J. Technol. 4 (1966) 15 R. K. Dey, G. S. Tiwary, Tanushree Patnaik, Usha Jha (2012) â€Å"Shellac-Polyamidoamine: Design of a New Polymeric Carrier Material for Controlled Release Application† Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 125, 2626–2635 (2012)

Different Levels of Meaning in George Herbert’s Poem, Love :: Love

Different Levels of Meaning in George Herbert’s Poem, Love This unique love poem by George Herbert seems both simple and complex at the same time. There are many levels which display the depth of Herbert’s writing. He gives a three stanza poem, six lines each with the rhyme scheme of: A, B, A, B, C, C, and the lines alternating ten and six syllables. This simple and gentle form, that never deviates, gives the reader a tranquil and soothing feeling, adding an extra dimension to the overall poem. The malleable words and enjoyable rhymes gives the look and feel of a candle-light dinner with soft music playing in the background. Love is a love poem with three distinct levels of meaning: the literal, allegorical, and the religious. The literal level, done so simply, is what makes the other levels so easy to see and understand. There are two entities in the poem: Love and the poet. At this level Love is but a human lover or a friend. In the first stanza Love welcomes the poet in his/her house to eat an intimate dinner party for two. The poet hesitates, feeling unclean. Love senses this and proceeds slowly with the courtship, asking if he needs anything. The middle stanza Love tries to reassure the poet that he is worthy to be a guest in his/her house. The poet calls himself â€Å" ‘unkind, ungrateful,’ † (9), almost trying to prove his unworthiness. The last stanza is the turning point when Love overrides the poets augments. Love stresses to the poet that regardless of his faults he is always welcome at his/her table. The dinner invitation is extended once again and the poet accepts. This intimate dinner party becomes so much more when looked at with deeper meanings. The most obvious is the allegorical, in which Love is love personified, a concept more then a person. The more provocative level is that of the religious, where Herbert’s true genius shows through in his complex metaphor: Love is God.